COVID Rapid Response Research (RRR) Survey

DOI: 10.15154/8873-zj65 (Release 5.0)

Name of Instrument	Subdomain	Table Name
Youth Instruments
Youth COVID-19 Questionnaire	COVID	cvd_y_qtn
COVID-19 - Fitbit - Post-Assessment Survey	Actigraphy	cvd_y_fitb_qtn
Fitbit — Physical Activity (Daily)	Actigraphy	cvd_y_fitb_act_d
Fitbit — Physical Activity (Weekly)	Actigraphy	cvd_y_fitb_act_w
Fitbit — Sleep (Daily)	Actigraphy	cvd_y_fitb_slp_d
Fitbit — Sleep (Weekly)	Actigraphy	cvd_y_fitb_slp_w
Fitbit Raw Data	Raw Data
Parent Instruments
Parent COVID-19 Questionnaire	COVID	cvd_p_qtn
COVID-19 Geocoded Data
COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Administrative Information	Geocoded Data	cvd_l_geo_adm
COVID-19 - CDC Policy Surveillance Data	Geocoded Data	cvd_l_geo_policy
COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Prevalence	Geocoded Data	cvd_l_geo_jhu
COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - SafeGraph Social Distancing Metrics (SafeGraph)	Geocoded Data	cvd_l_geo_sg
COVID-19 Geocoded Data - US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)	Geocoded Data	cvd_l_geo_bls

General Information

An overview of the ABCD Study® can be found at abcdstudy.org and detailed descriptions of the assessment protocols are available at ABCD Protocols. This page describes the contents of various instruments available for download. To understand the context of this information, refer to the release note Start Page.

There were 7 waves of surveys (denoted Surveys 1-7). Each wave comprised a survey completed by the youth and a separate survey completed by the parent.

We sent Survey 1 May 16-22, 2020, Survey 2 June 24-27, 2020, and Survey 3 August 4-5, 2020. Data from these first three surveys constituted the first data release (http://dx.doi.org/10.15154/1520584).

Surveys 4, 5, and 6 were sent October 8, 2020, December 13, 2020, and March 2, 2021. Data from these three surveys constituted the second data release (http://dx.doi.org/10.15154/1522601).

Survey 7 was sent in May 2021 and was first included in the ABCD 4.0 release (http://dx.doi.org/10.0.59.50/1523041).

In addition, when site and school closures began in March 2020, ABCD participants who had their ABCD-assigned activity tracker agreed to extend protocol wear of the device, contributing valuable objective physical activity, resting heart rate, and sleep data (N=160).

This document describes the contents of the survey instrument and other data available for download and other notes for users of these data.

Some survey items were only administered at a subset of Surveys 1-7. See Appendix for details.

For additional information on the COVID questionnaires, please see Pelham III, W. E., Tapert, S. F., Zúñiga, M. L., Thompson, W. K., Wade, N. E., Gonzalez, M. R., Patel, H., Baker, F. C., Dowling, G. J., Van Rinsveld, A. M., Baskin-Sommers, A., Kiss, O., & Brown, S. A. (2023). Pandemic-related changes in the prevalence of early adolescent alcohol and drug use, 2020–2021: Data from a multisite cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.040

Dates of Survey Completion

Information about the dates of survey completion in the COVID Substudy
is recorded in three variables:

yabcdcovid19_complete_date
pabcdcovid19survey1completdate
pabcdcovid19survey2completdate

During data collection, a timestamp was recorded only when the respondent completed the final question on the survey. Some participants completed part of the survey but did not reach the end. In this case, the participant’s record will include data for whatever parts of the survey he or she completed, but the corresponding variable indicating the date of survey completion will have a missing value.

Youth Instruments

Youth COVID-19 Questionnaire

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_y_qtn

Modifications since initial administration: See Appendix: Schedule of Questions

Measure Description:

Family Situation: Pet ownership

Youth were asked if they have a pet (pets_cv), and if so, what kind:

Variable name - pet_identify_cv (select all that apply of: Dog, Cat, Horse, Fish, Small animal (e.g., rabbit, hamster, bird), or Other)

Schooling: quality, quantity, methods, and supervision

Youth were first asked to respond whether their schooling was like it was before COVID-19: whether they went to school, got school-at-home, or a mix of both. If youth responded that they had any school activities, they were asked to respond to four questions about the average time per day spent on different kinds of school material.

Two further survey items were administered only at youth survey #7. Each item asked about the number of days in the past week the youth attended school in-person (in_person_school_days_cv) or from home (online_school_days_cv).

Youth were asked how many days per week they were helped or supervised by a parent (or other adult taking care of them) for schoolwork. If they responded one day or more, they were asked to specify how many days per week they were assisted by an adult for various activities.

Three questions were constructed to ask how they find their schoolwork, whether they are worried about missing school, and whether they are enjoying school.

Notes and special considerations: Some outlying responses were observed for a very small number (<0.1%) of participants for the following items: - online_arts_cv - online_science_cv - online_other_cv - school_like_activities_cv

Some children reported taking online classes for more than 24 hours a day, if one combines all mutually exclusive responses, which is not possible and may be due to confusion by respondent between “how many hours a day” and “how many hours a week”. Please note that we corrected these items in the next version of the questionnaire to avoid this problem for T4 onward. There are some longitudinal discrepancies between T1 and T2/T3 due to the summer period; for instance the correlation between T1 and T2 is moderate for the following items (online_arts_cv; online_science_cv; online_other_cv), due to substantial changes in school activities due to the summer period. Correlation between T2 and T3 is high, suggesting that the pattern was consistent within the summer period.

Routines

Daily routines - Six questions ask about daily routines with options on a 5-point Likert scale, from ‘never’ to ‘very frequently’. Some items are derived from The Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC, Glynn et al., Measuring Novel Antecedents of Mental Illness: The Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2019, 44: 876–882), and ask about typical morning and bedtime routines, participation in family activities, and worrying about family not having enough money to pay for necessities.

Sleep - Questions about typical sleep behavior in the past week were derived from the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (Roenneberg et al. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms, 2003, 18: 80-90). Variables available are:

• Time of going to bed (time resolution in hours; night-time hours only)
• Time of actually starting to fall asleep (time resolution in hours; night-time hour options only)
• Minutes needed to fall asleep
• Number of awakenings during the night (up to 10)
• Total time awake during the night
• Time of waking up (time resolution in hours; daytime hour options only)
• Time of starting schoolwork (time resolution in hours; daytime hour options only)

Physical activity - Questions about physical activity in the past week are modified from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form (Lee et al., Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity*. 2011, 8:115. Questions ask about walking and moderate/vigorous activity, first establishing the number of days that these activities were performed, following up with the amount of time spent doing the activity on a day. A question is included about daily sedentary (sitting) activity.

Notes and special considerations: The time period is for the past week only and no distinction is made for school days and school-free days (e.g., weekends).

Screen Media Use: for school, socializing, and other reasons

Screen Time was measured using self-report of the amount of time on a typical day youth used recreational screen media categories and total time spent (the following instructions were given for this section: Please do NOT include time spent on school related work, but DO include watching TV, shows or videos, texting or chatting, playing games, or visiting social networking sites). Variable labels coincide with the ABCD 3.0 dataset for typical weekend day screen time use at the youth’s annual visits, since during this COVID time many youth are at home throughout the day either without school or engaging in virtual school. Due to the likelihood that many youth would likely be at home throughout most of these assessments, screen time was not captured for both a typical weekday and a typical weekend day independently, as is done in the ABCD annual data collections. There are school variables to account for whether the youth was attending school in person.

Notes and special considerations: For the first 3 Surveys released the response answers were 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 mins, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, and then each whole hour through 24 hours. It should be noted that depending on the type of device the youth used to complete the survey, there may be errors, particularly at the higher end, due to the way the answer options appeared; for example, if a child chose 1 hour, they may have accidentally spun the wheel to the end and clicked to try to get out of the answer option, rather than to mean to select 24 hours. This can be seen in instances where a child reports 24 hours of “Play multiplayer video games ...” but only 5 hours of total screen time on a typical day.

Racism/discrimination in relation to coronavirus

Two questions were constructed to ask about witnessing or experiencing racism or discrimination in relation to coronavirus.

COVID Attitudes and Practices

These items assessed youth attitudes, practices, knowledge, and knowledge sources about COVID-19. Variables include:

• demo_stayed_away_cv
• demo_avoid_news
• demo_wash_hands_cv
• demo_mask_coverage_cv
• demo_hand_sanitizer_cv
• demo_wipes_cv
• demo_touching_things_cv
• demo_touching_people_cv
• demo_exercise_cv
• demo_stayed_indoors_cv
• demo_schoolwork_on_comp_cv
• demo_afraid_cv
• demo_affect_life_cv
• coverage_cv
• tv_view_cv
• social_media_cv
• news_update_cv
• social_media_platform_cv

Measures beginning with the prefix “demo_” have responses on a Likert scale from 1 to 4. For example,

demo_mask_coverage_cv

I wear a mask over my face or protective gear (e.g., gloves, things to cover my clothes)

• 1, I have not done this in the last week
• 2, I did this some of the time last week
• 3, I did this most of the time last week
• 4, I did this all the time last week

Notes and special considerations: Responses across these 13 measures were available for covid19_cv1_arm_2 and covid19_cv3_arm_2. The measures showed reasonable distributions across the Likert scale. Some measures of daily responses showed substantial change across these first two timepoints (e.g., demo_schoolwork_on_comp_cv), indicating potential sensitivity to changes in local pandemic rules or behaviors. Other measures of attitudes showed similar score distributions across the two time points (e.g., demo_afraid_cv), indicating potentially more stable traits resilient to changes in local pandemic rules or behaviors.

Five measures used a five-point Likert scale asking about media usage, at each of the three time points:

• coverage_cv

• tv_view_cv

• social_media_cv

• news_update_cv

• social_media_platform_cv

Notes and special considerations: These responses were reasonably distributed, except for news_update_cv, which was skewed toward “0, Once per day or less”, indicating youth were not reporting checking for news updates.

Similarly, youth overwhelmingly endorsed “None” for the question:

social_media_platform_cv :

Which platform did you use the most when checking for news related to coronavirus?

1, Twitter | 2, Instagram | 3, TikTok | 4, Snapchat | 5, YouTube | 6, Reddit | 7, Facebook | 8, Other | 9, None

Coping behaviors

A new question was constructed asking about activities done in the past week such as learning a new hobby. Participants could check those activities that applied.

Mental Health and Stress

NIH Toolbox Emotion Measures - Youth-reported measures of sadness (8 items), fear (8 items), and positive affect (9 items) were measured using instruments from the NIH Emotion Battery (Gershon et al., 2013). Youth were asked on a scale from “Never” to “Almost Always” how often they had felt a particular emotional experience. One additional item was added, “I felt angry or frustrated”, to measure anger emotion, with identical response options to the NIH Toolbox emotion measures.

COVID-Related Worry - Five questions were constructed to measure worry and cognitions about the coronavirus. These included asking youth how worried they have been about the coronavirus; how worried others have been; how much life has changed as a result of coronavirus; how hopeful youth are that the coronavirus crisis will end soon; and how stressful the uncertainty of COVID-19 has been on their lives. Response options ranged from “Not at all” to “Extremely.”

Perceived Stress - Perceived stress was measured using the 4-item version of the Perceived Stress scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983). Youth were asked to indicate how often they experienced stressful cognitions in the past month. Response options ranged from “Never” to “Very Often”.

A second item was constructed to measure how much a youth’s perceived mental well-being has changed in the past week, ranging from “much worse” to “much better”

.

Relationships with Friends and Family

Parental Knowledge/Monitoring - In Surveys 1-7, youth completed four items measuring parental knowledge / monitoring:

• parent_monitor_q1_y_cv
• parent_monitor_q3_y_cv
• parent_monitor_q4_y_cv
• parent_monitor_q5_y_cv

These are four of the five items included on the ABCD study’s measure of parental monitoring at the main study visits. See Zucker et al. (2018, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 107- 120) for a description of the measure.

Modifications since initial administration: At Survey 7 only, youth completed three additional items:

• su_30_days_cv
• su_restrictions_cv
• su_planned_use_cv

The items were written for ABCD to measure parents’ knowledge and monitoring of youths’ substance use. Within the survey, these items were placed immediately after the survey section asking the youth about his or her alcohol or drug use.

The items assess (1) whether parents knew about any youth substance use that occurred, (2) if the parents knew, whether they made any change to their monitoring or tracking of the youth, and (3) whether the youth could think of an instance in which they would have used substances if not for parent interference.

Branching logic is described in the data dictionary.

These survey items were written by William Pelham, PhD at UC San Diego. Contact wpelham@ucsd.edu with further questions.

Family and friend communication quality - Youth were asked how the frequency and tone of their communications with their parents, siblings, and friends had changed during the pandemic.

Substance Use

Youth were asked how many days in the last 30 days they had used alcohol, nicotine products, inhalants, marijuana in various forms, and other substances. Youth were also asked about their parents’ knowledge and monitoring of their substance use.

Media/News Exposure to COVID-19

Youth were asked about their exposure to news about COVID-19, whether they sought out news about COVID-19, and what their news sources were.

COVID-19 - Fitbit - Post-Assessment Survey

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_y_fitb_qtn

Measure Description: Following their Fitbit use period, youth were asked questions about their use of the Fitbit, including whether they wore it consistently/when they wore it, had technical issues, whether it changed their sleep/activity behavior, and how the pandemic changed their sleep/activity patterns.

ABCD Subdomain: Actigraphy

Number of Variables: 38

Fitbit — Physical Activity (Daily)

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_y_fitb_act_d

Measure Description: Participants (n=508) who already had deployed devices as part of their 2-year follow-up when ABCD sites closed in mid-March 2020 were asked to continue to wear the device. Of these, 160 participants spread across 18 of ABCD’s 21 sites agreed to extend their Fitbit data collection for an additional 12 weeks.

This instrument includes daily physical activity (and sedentary behavior) at the minute level based on heart rate and accelerometer data from Fitbit. These are summary data from the usage period. Raw data are available and described below.

ABCD Subdomain: Actigraphy

Number of Variables: 46

Summary Score(s): Yes

Measurement Waves Administered: 2-year follow-up

Modifications since initial administration: For more information about participants who provided extended-wear Fitbit data, visit the ABCD 5.0 Changes and Known Issues release note. Note that this is available only to authenticated users.

Notes and special considerations: None

Reference: Godino, J. G., Wing, D., de Zambotti, M., Baker, F. C., Bagot, K., Inkelis, S., Pautz, C., Higgins, M., Nichols, J., Brumback, T., Chevance, G., Colrain, I. M., Patrick, K., & Tapert, S. F. (2020). Performance of a commercial multi-sensor wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) in measuring physical activity and sleep in healthy children. PloS one, 15(9), e0237719. Find here

Fitbit — Physical Activity (Weekly)

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_y_fitb_act_w

Measure Description: Participants (n=508) who already had deployed devices as part of their 2-year follow-up when ABCD sites closed in mid-March 2020 were asked to continue to wear the device. Of these, 160 participants spread across 18 of ABCD’s 21 sites agreed to extend their Fitbit data collection for an additional 12 weeks.

Weekly physical activity (and sedentary behavior) for all days with sufficient wear time for inclusion (>600 minutes of daytime wear) from Fitbit. Data include minutes in a variety of activity intensities and steps taken that are broken into weekday only, weekend only, and all days of week. These are summary data from the usage period.

ABCD Subdomain: Actigraphy

Number of Variables: 46

Summary Score(s): Yes

Measurement Waves Administered: 2-year follow-up

Modifications since initial administration: None

Notes and special considerations: For more information about participants who provided extended-wear Fitbit data, visit the ABCD 5.0 Changes and Known Issues release note. Note that this is available only to authenticated users.

Reference: Godino, J. G., Wing, D., de Zambotti, M., Baker, F. C., Bagot, K., Inkelis, S., Pautz, C., Higgins, M., Nichols, J., Brumback, T., Chevance, G., Colrain, I. M., Patrick, K., & Tapert, S. F. (2020). Performance of a commercial multi-sensor wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) in measuring physical activity and sleep in healthy children. PloS one, 15(9), e0237719. Find here

Fitbit — Sleep (Daily)

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_y_fitb_slp_d

Measure Description: Participants (n=508) who already had deployed devices as part of their 2-year follow-up when ABCD sites closed in mid-March 2020 were asked to continue to wear the device. Of these, 160 participants spread across 18 of ABCD’s 21 sites agreed to extend their Fitbit data collection for an additional 12 weeks.

This instrument includes sleep data for each participant night that had sufficient wear/sleep duration to achieve sleep “stages” – minimum of 180 minutes of in-bed time. Metrics include number of instances and number of minutes in each sleep stage. Data include average HR within each stage. These are summary data from the usage period. Raw data are available and described below.

ABCD Subdomain: Actigraphy

Number of Variables: 20

Summary Score(s): Yes

Measurement Waves Administered: 2-year follow-up

Modifications since initial administration: None

Notes and special considerations: For more information about participants who provided extended-wear Fitbit data, visit the ABCD 5.0 Changes and Known Issues release note. Note that this is available only to authenticated users.

Reference: Godino, J. G., Wing, D., de Zambotti, M., Baker, F. C., Bagot, K., Inkelis, S., Pautz, C., Higgins, M., Nichols, J., Brumback, T., Chevance, G., Colrain, I. M., Patrick, K., & Tapert, S. F. (2020). Performance of a commercial multi-sensor wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) in measuring physical activity and sleep in healthy children. PloS one, 15(9), e0237719. Find here

Fitbit — Sleep (Weekly)

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_y_fitb_slp_d

Measure Description: Participants (n=508) who already had deployed devices as part of their 2-year follow-up when ABCD sites closed in mid-March 2020 were asked to continue to wear the device. Of these, 160 participants spread across 18 of ABCD’s 21 sites agreed to extend their Fitbit data collection for an additional 12 weeks.

Sleep level aggregated to the week level for all valid days (i.e. >180 minutes of sleep time). Metrics include sum of and average number of instances and number of minutes in each sleep stage. Average HR within each stage are included. Weeks are broken into weekday only, weekend only, and all days of week. These are summary data from the usage period.

ABCD Subdomain: Actigraphy

Number of Variables: 20

Summary Score(s): Yes

Measurement Waves Administered: 2-year follow-up

Modifications since initial administration: None

Notes and special considerations: For more information about participants who provided extended-wear Fitbit data, visit the ABCD 5.0 Changes and Known Issues release note. Note that this is available only to authenticated users.

Reference: Godino, J. G., Wing, D., de Zambotti, M., Baker, F. C., Bagot, K., Inkelis, S., Pautz, C., Higgins, M., Nichols, J., Brumback, T., Chevance, G., Colrain, I. M., Patrick, K., & Tapert, S. F. (2020). Performance of a commercial multi-sensor wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) in measuring physical activity and sleep in healthy children. PloS one, 15(9), e0237719. Find here

Fitbit Raw Data

Descriptions of the Fitbit Raw Data are here. To download these raw data, follow the instructions at the NDA ABCD page.

Parent Instruments

Parent COVID-19 Questionnaire

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_p_qtn

Measure Description:

Family Situation

Caregivers were asked about home composition, family members’ jobs and related COVID risk, economic impacts of the pandemic, including food insecurity, other family impacts (e.g., family conflict, access to medical/mental healthcare), and family COVID illness.

Schooling: quality, quantity, methods, and supervision

Parents were asked about school closure and school attendance of their children, how much time their child spent on school/schoolwork, whether they have access to needed materials for school, how they engaged with their school’s curriculum, and whether they received school-related services (e.g., meals).

The parents who reported being the primary (or co-primary) person responsible for child’s care during the day were asked questions about how much those activities interfered with their professional and household duties. Further questions addressed how much time they spent in helping the children in their school activities along with other questions regarding the continuity of schooling.

Notes and special considerations:Surveys #2 and #3 covered at least partially schools’ summer break for a large number of participants.

Youth’s Routine

Daily routines - Parents were asked whether family routines had changed due to the pandemic.

Sleep - Seven questions about sleep are from the Sleep Disturbance Scale (Bruni et al., The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence. J Sleep Res. 1996, 5:251-261), specifically from the Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep subscale. The period has been modified to the past week. Two questions that quantify sleep duration and sleep onset latency are asked at each time point whereas the remaining 5 questions about difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (responses range from Never to Always on a 5-point Likert scale) are asked on Survey 2. The 7 items (each scored between 1 and 5) can be added to obtain a total score for difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, with higher scores reflecting greater difficulty.

Notes and special considerations: The Sleep Disturbance Scale is included in the main ABCD Study assessment protocol (abcd_sds01) allowing users to compare pre- and post-COVID patterns.

Physical activity - Questions about moderate-vigorous physical activity in the past week are modified from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form (Lee et al., Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2011, 8:115).

Coping Behaviors

A question was constructed asking about activities the parent engaged in the past week to cope. Participants had the option of checking up to 8 checkboxes. Item number 9 corresponds to the checkbox “None of the above”. Each checkbox is a separate variable with the item number appended to the end of the name (e.g., p_cope_cv2 corresponds to the checkbox item 2).

Media/News Exposure to COVID-19

Parents were asked about youth exposure to news about COVID-19 and whether the virus has elicited strong emotions or gotten in the way of the youth’s enjoyment of life.

Notes and special considerations: For youth news exposure at the first time point, for 16 participants there was a potential branching logic glitch, resulting in 16 missing data points for:

• child_news_time_cv
• child_news_source_cv

COVID Attitudes and Practices

Caregivers were asked whether the virus has elicited strong emotions or gotten in the way of the youth’s enjoyment of life on a four-point Likert scale:

• child_fear_cv
• child_enjoy_cv

Caregivers were asked about parental involvement (Talked About X) in the PAST WEEK at each timepoint using five-point Likert scale items (1, Never; 2, Rarely; 3, Occasionally; 4, Frequently; 5, Very Frequently).

• talk_wash_cv
• talk_social_distance_cv
• talk_cancel_cv
• talk_isolate_cv
• talk_symptoms_cv
• talk_vuln_cv
• talk_race_cv
• talk_conserve_cv

Notes and special considerations: Missing data were minimal as a percentage of responses and distributions were reasonable.

Remaining measures assessing parent involvement, using 5-point “Strongly Disagree-Strongly Agree” Likert were asked at two timepoints (Surveys 1 and 3) and showed reasonable distributions.

• assure_child_cv
• prepared_child_cv
• child_sched_cv
• child_worry_cv
• p_feeling_cv
• p_safety_cv
• encouraged_cv
• avoid_discussing_cv
• avoid_talking_about_cv
• child_frustrated_cv
• child_breaking_rules_cv
• child_serious_cv
• child_worried_about_cv

A question was constructed asking about activities the family engaged in or avoided in the past week by choice, rather than because of closures. In Surveys 1 and 2, participants had the option of checking up to 13 boxes with different COVID related activities. A checkbox corresponding to “None of the above” was option 14. On Survey 3, an additional checkbox was added (item 15 in the data) corresponding to the item “Wore Masks”.

Notes and special considerations: Data for item 15 should be disregarded for Surveys 1 and 2 as only a few participants who took the survey later on had the item 15 checkbox as an available option. The label for item 15 is missing from the data dictionary. Each checkbox is a separate variable with the item number appended to the end of the name (e.g., fam_actions_cv15 corresponds to the checkbox item 15).

Racism/discrimination in relation to coronavirus

Two questions were constructed to ask about witnessing or experiencing racism or discrimination in relation to coronavirus.

Parent Substance Use

Parents were asked about how often and where they used alcohol, marijuana, nicotine products, and other substances.

Notes and special considerations: In Surveys 2, 4, and 6, the su_p_vape_use_cv, su_p_mj_vape_use_cv, su_p_mj_smoke_cv, and su_p_cig_use_cv variables may not have been presented due to branching logic. If a question was not asked due to branching logic, the su_p_cig_loc_cv___888, su_p_vape_loc_cv___888, su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___888, and su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___888 will be coded as “1” to indicate this. We refer users to the data dictionary for additional details.

Youth’s COVID-19 Infection

Parents were asked about the youth’s COVID symptoms, diagnosis and testing, or any exacerbation of asthma symptoms.

COVID-19 Geocoded Data

COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Administrative Information

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_l_geo_adm

Measure Description: This table includes the reported percent of time spent at each of five addresses and an error variable if participants had additional addresses that could not be used for data linkage.

ABCD Subdomain: Geocoded Data

Number of Variables: 6

Notes and special considerations: In the previous release of COVID-19 Geocoded Metrics, geocoded data were linked to participants’ baseline addresses. The latest data were re-linked to addresses that coincided with each survey time point. Address collection during the survey period no longer includes primary, secondary or tertiary designations. As a result of the linkage by date and previous address collection processes, participants may have several addresses with dates ranges that coincide with each survey timepoint. The reported percent of time spent at each address is provided in place of primary, secondary and tertiary designations for the user’s consideration. Users should note that for a given survey timepoint, the percent of time may not sum up to 100%.

Additionally, residential history included incomplete address information leading to errors in geocoding. The covid_geo_error field indicates if participants had additional addresses which could not be used for data linkage. These variables are in table cvd_l_geo_adm.

These issues are being actively addressed to improve the temporal and geographic accuracy of participants’ reported addresses.

COVID-19 Geocoded Data - US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_l_geo_bls

Measure Description: Unemployment rates are provided at the county level at monthly rate by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.bls.gov/lau/. The rates are not seasonally adjusted. These county-level unemployment data are also available for 2019 (i.e., pre-pandemic) for comparison to 2020/2021.

BLS fields have the following prefix:

• covidgeo_bls

ABCD Subdomain: Geocoded Data

Number of Variables: 15

Notes and special considerations: See Note for COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Administrative Information .

COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Prevalence

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_l_geo_jhu

Measure Description: COVID-19 prevalence (i.e., case and death counts) were obtained from a publicly available Github repository maintained by the Center of Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. Data sources are cited on their README.md found at https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19. These data have county-level resolution.

Raw case and death counts (cumulative) were used to calculate new case/death counts as well as aggregated rolling 7-day averages. Metrics were population adjusted by US Census measures per county: https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2010s- counties-total.html

JHU fields have the following prefixes:

• covidgeo_jhu_cases
• covidgeo_jhu_deaths
• covidgeo_jhu_newcases
• covidgeo_jhu_newdeaths

ABCD Subdomain: Geocoded Data

Number of Variables: 350

Notes and special considerations: Case/death counts used were not adjusted to confirmed counts. Therefore, some negative values in new case/death count fields exist. For prevalence data, along with the other geocoded metrics, these data were geocoded with respect to the date that the survey was disseminated to the participants, not the date that the participants returned their surveys. This may be changed in future releases.

For additional notes, see Notes for COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Administrative Information

COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - SafeGraph Social Distancing Metrics (SafeGraph)

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_l_geo_sg

Measure Description: Daily metrics for mobile device behaviors were made publicly available by SafeGraph at the census block level from 2019 through Dec 2020. Their website (https://docs.safegraph.com/v4.0/docs/social-distancing-metrics) provides the following description:

This product is delivered daily (3 days delayed from actual). Daily data is available going back to January 1, 2019. We used v2.1 to create the historical data from Jan 1, 2019 - Dec 31, 2019 (the backfill) as well as the data from May 10, 2020 forwards. However, the Jan 1-May 9, 2020 data is on v2.0. Apologies for any inconvenience, please see Release Notes below for more information.

The data was generated using a panel of GPS pings from anonymous mobile devices. We determined the common nighttime location of each mobile device over a 6-week period to a Geohash-7 granularity (~153m x ~153m). For ease of reference, we call this common nighttime location, the device’s “home”. We then aggregate the devices by home census block group and provide the metrics set out below for each census block group.

SafeGraph fields have the following prefixes:

• covidgeo_sg_disttravel
• covidgeo_sg_homedwell
• covidgeo_sg_devathome
• covidgeo_sg_ftwork
• covidgeo_sg_ptwork

Across devices, “disttravel” refers to median distance traveled from home (with “home” defined as described above), and “homedwell” refers to the average amount of time (in minutes) at home. “devathome” refers to the proportion of devices completely at home. “ftwork” and “ptwork” refer to the proportion of devices exhibiting full-time and part-time, respectively, work behavior. Full-time work is defined as the ratio of devices polled that spent greater than 6 hours at a location other than their geohash-7 home during the period of 8am - 6pm in local time. Part-time work is defined as the ratio of devices polled that spent one period of between 3 and 6 hours at one location other than their geohash- 7 home during the period of 8am - 6pm in local time. This does not include any device that spent 6 or more hours at a location other than home.

ABCD Subdomain: Geocoded Data

Number of Variables: 350

Notes and special considerations: See Note for COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Administrative Information

COVID-19 - CDC Policy Surveillance Data

Release 5.0 Data Table: cvd_l_geo_policy

Measure Description: Policy data related to COVID-19 restrictions were compiled from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov) using the following datasets:

• U.S. State and Territorial Stay-At-Home Orders: March 15, 2020 – August 15, 2021 by County by Day
• U.S. State and Territorial Orders Closing and Reopening Restaurants Issued from March 11, 2020 through August 15, 2021 by County by Day
• U.S. State and Territorial Orders Closing and Reopening Bars Issued from March 11, 2020 through August 15, 2021 by County by Day
• U.S. State and Territorial Public Mask Mandates From April 10, 2020 through August 15, 2021 by County by Day
• U.S. State and Territorial Gathering Bans: March 11, 2020-August 15, 2021 by County by Day

Data were downloaded on June 14, 2022

The CDC Policy Surveillance datasets were compiled at a county level with daily resolution. For each county, dates were collected for any change in policy with a corresponding column of the policy changes.The county data were then joined to the counties associated with each participants’ address(es) at the survey timepoint. The resulting columns for each address show all date and policy changes for each dataset for the participants’ county for the duration of the dataset date range.

ABCD Subdomain: Geocoded Data

Number of Variables: 50

Notes and special considerations: See Notes for COVID-19 - Geocoded Data - Administrative Information

Appendix: Schedule of Questions

Some survey items were only administered at a subset of Surveys 1-7. The table below lists those variables and at which survey waves they were assessed.

variable	wave1	wave2	wave3	wave4	wave5	wave6	wave7
afraid_against_mask_2_cv				X	X
afraid_anti_mask				X	X
afraid_anti_mask_4_cv				X	X
afraid_blm_2_cv				X	X
afraid_blm_4_cv				X	X
afraid_blm_cv				X	X
afraid_pro_po_2_cv				X	X
afraid_pro_po_4_cv				X	X
afraid_pro_po_cv				X	X
afraid_reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
afraid_reopen_bus_4_cv				X	X
afraid_reopen_bus_cv				X	X
against_mask_social_media_cv				X	X
against_mask_time_cv				X	X
angry_against_mask_2_cv				X	X
angry_anti_mask_4_cv				X	X
angry_anti_mask_cv				X	X
angry_blm_2_cv				X	X
angry_blm_4_cv				X	X
angry_blm_cv				X	X
angry_pro_po_2_cv				X	X
angry_pro_po_4_cv				X	X
angry_pro_po_cv				X	X
angry_reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
angry_reopen_bus_4_cv				X	X
angry_reopen_bus_cv				X	X
anti_mask_2_cv				X	X
anti_mask_3_cv				X	X
anti_mask_4_cv				X	X
anti_mask_cv				X	X
anti_mask_demo_help_cv				X	X
anti_mask_friends_cv				X	X
anti_mask_neigh_cv				X	X
anti_mask_parents_cv				X	X
anti_mask_po_force_cv				X	X
anti_mask_po_help_cv				X	X
anti_mask_sib_cv				X	X
anti_mask_violence_cv				X	X
attentive_y_cv		X		X		X
blm_2_cv				X	X
blm_3_cv				X	X
blm_4_cv				X	X
blm_cv				X	X
blm_demo_help_cv				X	X
blm_friends_cv				X	X
blm_neigh_cv				X	X
blm_parents_cv				X	X
blm_po_force_cv				X	X
blm_po_help_cv				X	X
blm_sib_cv				X	X
blm_social_media_cv				X	X
blm_time_cv				X	X
blm_violence_cv				X	X
calm_y_cv		X		X		X
concentrate_y_cv		X		X		X
confident_y_cv		X		X		X
delighted_y_cv		X		X		X
demo_affect_life_cv	X		X
demo_afraid_cv	X		X
demo_avoid_news	X		X		X		X
demo_exercise_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_friends_cv		X
demo_hand_sanitizer_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_mask_coverage_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_online_cv		X
demo_parents_cv		X
demo_schoolwork_on_comp_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_siblings_cv		X
demo_stayed_away_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_stayed_indoors_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_tone_friends_cv		X
demo_tone_parents_cv		X
demo_tone_siblings_cv		X
demo_touching_people_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_touching_things_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_wash_hands_cv	X		X		X		X
demo_wipes_cv	X		X		X		X
ease_y_cv		X		X		X
energetic_y_cv		X		X		X
enjoy_school_y_cv				X	X	X	X
enjoyed_school_wk_y_cv	X	X	X	X
enthusiastic_y_cv		X		X		X
feel_afraid_anti_mask_2_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_anti_mask_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_blm_2_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_blm_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_po_2_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_po_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
feel_afraid_reopen_bus_cv				X	X
feel_proud_anti_mask_2_cv				X	X
feel_proud_anti_mask_cv				X	X
feel_proud_blm_2_cv				X	X
feel_proud_blm_cv				X	X
feel_proud_po_2_cv				X	X
feel_proud_po_cv				X	X
feel_proud_reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
feel_proud_reopen_bus_cv				X	X
felt_alone_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_always_sad	X		X		X		X
felt_angry_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_life_went_wrong_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_lonely_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_nervous_cv		X
felt_no_fun_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_sad_cv	X		X		X		X
felt_scared_cv		X
felt_unhappy_cv	X		X		X		X
hopeful_against_mask_2_cv				X	X
hopeful_anti_mask				X	X
hopeful_anti_mask_4_cv				X	X
hopeful_blm_2_cv				X	X
hopeful_blm_4_cv				X	X
hopeful_blm_cv				X	X
hopeful_pro_po_2_cv				X	X
hopeful_pro_po_4_cv				X	X
hopeful_pro_po_cv				X	X
hopeful_reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
hopeful_reopen_bus_4_cv				X	X
hopeful_reopen_bus_cv				X	X
hopeful_y_cv		X		X	X	X	X
hours_language_cv				X	X	X	X
hours_math_cv				X	X	X	X
hours_other_cv				X	X	X	X
hours_reading_cv				X	X	X	X
hours_science_cv				X	X	X	X
hours_social_cv				X	X	X	X
inspired_against_mask_2_cv				X	X
inspired_anti_mask				X	X
inspired_anti_mask_4_cv				X	X
inspired_blm_2_cv				X	X
inspired_blm_4_cv				X	X
inspired_blm_cv				X	X
inspired_pro_po_2_cv				X	X
inspired_pro_po_4_cv				X	X
inspired_pro_po_cv				X	X
inspired_reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
inspired_reopen_bus_4_cv				X	X
inspired_reopen_bus_cv				X	X
interested_y_cv		X		X		X
life_change_y_cv		X		X	X	X	X
mental_health_cv	X		X		X		X
mod_phys_act_hour_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
mod_phys_act_hour_cv	X	X
mod_phys_act_min_cv	X	X
online_arts_cv	X	X	X
online_other_cv	X	X	X
online_science_cv	X	X	X
parent_involve_school_cv				X	X	X	X
parent_involved_school_cv	X	X	X
pro_po_2_cv				X	X
pro_po_3_cv				X	X
pro_po_4_cv				X	X
pro_po_cv				X	X
pro_po_demo_help_cv				X	X
pro_po_force_cv				X	X
pro_po_friends_cv				X	X
pro_po_help_cv				X	X
pro_po_neigh_cv				X	X
pro_po_parents_cv				X	X
pro_po_sib_cv				X	X
pro_po_social_media_cv				X	X
pro_po_time_cv				X	X
pro_po_violence_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_2_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_3_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_4_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_demo_help_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_friends_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_neigh_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_parents_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_po_force_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_po_help_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_sib_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_social_media_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_time_cv				X	X
reopen_bus_violence_cv				X	X
scared_easily_cv		X
school_cv	X	X	X
school_like_activities_cv	X	X	X
school_like_activities_reduced_cv				X	X	X	X
schooling_cv				X	X	X	X
sitting_weekday_hour_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
sitting_weekday_hour_cv	X	X
something_awful_cv		X
stressful_y_cv		X		X	X	X	X
strle_angry_cv				X			X
strle_not_talk_about_cv				X			X
strle_pictures_cv				X			X
strle_reminder_pl_cv				X			X
strle_rv_fr_mem_cv				X			X
strle_strong_feelings_cv				X			X
strle_think_about_cv				X			X
strle_think_of_cv				X			X
strle_try_not_to_think_cv				X			X
walking_hour_per_day_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
walking_hour_per_day_cv	X	X
walking_min_per_day_cv	X	X
worried_about_me_cv		X
worried_at_home_cv		X
worried_at_night_cv		X
worried_cv		X
monitor_school_cv						X	X
screen_time_affects_cv						X	X
screen_time_awake_cv						X	X
screens_escape_cv						X	X
mdemo_online_cv						X
mdemo_friends_cv						X
mdemo_parents_cv						X
mdemo_siblings_cv						X
app_track_cv						X	X
monitor_screen_cv						X	X
su_30_days_cv							X
su_restrictions_cv							X
su_planned_use_cv							X
in_person_school_days_cv							X
online_school_days_cv							X
ext_fam_diag_cv		X		X		X
ext_fam_severity_cv		X		X		X
fam_discord_cv		X		X		X
fam_exp_racism_cv	X		X		X		X
fam_hc_acc_cv		X		X		X
fam_ht_acc_cv		X		X		X
fam_rout_cv		X		X		X
fam_stress_cv		X		X		X
fam_supp_acc_cv		X		X		X
future_scan_1_cv		X
future_scan_cv		X			X
get_coronavirus_cv	X		X		X		X
increased_conflict_cv	X		X		X		X
su_p_alc_drinks_used_cv		X		X		X
su_p_alc_use_cv		X		X		X
su_p_cig_loc_cv___1		X		X		X
su_p_cig_loc_cv___2		X		X		X
su_p_cig_loc_cv___3		X		X		X
su_p_cig_loc_cv___4		X		X		X
su_p_cig_loc_cv___5		X		X		X
su_p_cig_use_cv		X		X		X
su_p_days_drunk_cv		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_cv		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___1		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___2		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___3		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___4		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___5		X		X		X
su_p_mj_use_cv		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___1		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___2		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___3		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___4		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___5		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_use_cv		X		X		X
su_p_other_drugs_cv		X		X		X
su_p_rx_od_cv		X		X		X
su_p_vape_loc_cv___1		X		X		X
su_p_vape_loc_cv___2		X		X		X
su_p_vape_loc_cv___3		X		X		X
su_p_vape_loc_cv___4		X		X		X
su_p_vape_loc_cv___5		X		X		X
su_p_vape_use_cv		X		X		X
think_someone_close_get_cv	X		X		X		X
think_will_get_cv	X		X		X		X
think_will_hospitalized_cv	X		X		X		X
worry_about_cv	X		X		X		X
absent_reason_cv___1	X	X	X
absent_reason_cv___2	X	X	X
absent_reason_cv___3	X	X	X
absent_reason_cv___4	X	X	X
assure_child_cv	X		X				X
asthma_medi_corti_cv	X	X	X	X	X
asthma_medi_inhaler_cv	X	X	X	X	X
asthma_medi_injection_cv	X	X	X	X	X
asthma_medi_steriods_cv	X	X	X	X	X
asthma_medi_zpak_cv	X	X	X	X	X
avoid_discussing_cv	X		X				X
avoid_talking_about_cv	X		X				X
bio_dad_hos_cv		X		X		X	X
bio_mom_hos_cv		X		X		X	X
caregiver_help_cv	X	X	X	X	X
child_asthma_medi_cv	X	X	X	X	X
child_asthma_symptoms_cv	X	X	X	X	X
child_avg_elec_min_cv	X	X	X	X
child_avg_elec_time_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
child_avg_elec_time_cv	X	X
child_breaking_rules_cv	X		X				X
child_frustrated_cv	X		X				X
child_gaming_min_cv	X	X	X	X
child_gaming_time_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
child_gaming_time_cv	X	X
child_phys_activity_min_cv	X	X	X	X
child_phys_activity_time_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
child_phys_activity_time_cv	X	X	X
child_reluc_cv		X		X	X	X
child_sched_cv	X		X				X
child_separate_cv	X	X	X	X	X
child_serious_cv	X		X				X
child_sleep_again		X		X	X	X
child_sleep_anxiety_cv		X		X	X	X
child_sleep_difficult_cv		X		X	X	X
child_social_media_min_cv	X	X	X	X
child_social_media_time_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
child_social_media_time_cv	X	X
child_texting_min_cv	X	X	X	X
child_texting_time_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
child_texting_time_cv	X	X
child_video_chat_min_cv	X	X	X	X
child_video_chat_time_2_cv			X	X	X	X	X
child_video_chat_time_cv	X	X
child_wake_up		X		X	X	X
child_worried_about_cv	X		X				X
child_worry_cv	X		X				X
encouraged_cv	X		X				X
fam_covid_yn_cv		X		X		X	X
fam_diag_cv		X		X		X	X
fam_member_relation_p_cv___1		X		X		X	X
fam_member_relation_p_cv___2		X		X		X	X
fam_member_relation_p_cv___3		X		X		X	X
fam_member_relation_p_cv___4		X		X		X	X
fam_member_relation_p_cv___5		X		X		X	X
fam_member_relation_p_cv___6		X		X		X	X
fam_sick_severity_cv		X		X		X	X
homework_time_cv	X	X	X
hours_homework_time_cv				X		X	X
hours_online_self_cv				X		X	X
hours_teaching_cv				X		X	X
hours_textbook_self_cv				X		X	X
hours_video_cv				X		X	X
internet_access_cv	X	X	X
p_feeling_cv	X		X				X
p_safety_cv	X		X				X
prepared_child_cv	X		X				X
school_at_home_cv				X	X	X	X
school_close_cv	X	X	X
school_close_date_cv	X	X	X
school_close_date_dk_cv	X	X	X
school_engage_cv___1	X	X	X
school_engage_cv___2	X	X	X
school_engage_cv___3	X	X	X
school_engage_cv___4	X	X	X
school_engage_cv___5	X	X	X
school_engage_cv___6	X	X	X
school_nutrition_cv	X	X	X		X
school_prep_cv	X	X	X
school_prep_new_cv				X	X	X	X
school_reopen_date_cv	X	X	X
school_reopen_date_dk_cv	X	X	X
separate_people_cv___1	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___2	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___3	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___4	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___5	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___6	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___7	X	X	X	X	X		X
separate_people_cv___8	X	X	X	X	X		X
talk_mask_cv			X	X	X	X
tool_access_cv	X	X	X
went_to_school_cv	X	X	X
su_p_vape_loc_cv___888		X		X		X
su_p_mj_vape_loc_cv___888		X		X		X
su_p_mj_smoke_loc_cv___888		X		X		X
su_p_cig_loc_cv___888		X		X		X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___1						X	X
mchild_asthma_medi_cv						X	X
masthma_medi_corti_cv						X	X
masthma_medi_inhaler_cv						X	X
masthma_medi_steriods_cv						X	X
masthma_medi_injection_cv						X	X
masthma_medi_pak_cv						X	X
p_vac_child_if_cv					X	X	X
p_vac_child_had_cv						X	X
p_vac_child_type_cv						X	X
p_vac_child_date_cv						X	X
p_vac_child_2_cv						X	X
p_vac_child_date_2_cv						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___2						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___3						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___4						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___5						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___6						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___7						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___8						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___9						X	X
p_vaccination_cv					X	X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___10						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___11						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___12						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___13						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___14						X	X
p_vac_child_sx_cv___15						X	X
p_vaccine_cv						X	X
p_vaccine_date_cv						X	X
p_vaccine_type_cv						X	X
mcaregiver_help_cv						X	X
mchild_separate_cv						X	X
mchild_asthma_symptoms_cv						X	X
how_many_months_cv							X
stimulus_cv							X
fam_essential_cv___1							X
fam_essential_cv___2							X
fam_essential_cv___3							X
fam_essential_cv___4							X
child_pos_symptoms_cv							X

BLM and COVID-related Protests

In May and June 2020, ABCD youth who were ages 11-13, were exposed to civil unrest that erupted over the deaths of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor. Across major U.S. cities, mass protests occurred both for and against unbridled police power and were covered by all media outlets. Around the same time, youth were experiencing the peak of the pandemic and protests related to COVID restrictions were occurring throughout the country. The fowling questions were added to the COVID survey (waves 4 and 5) to assess youth’s experience with protests about: Black Lives Matters, in support of police (pro-police), against wearing masks, and in favor of re-opening businesses.

Variables include:

afraid_against_mask_2_cv
afraid_anti_mask
afraid_anti_mask_4_cv
afraid_blm_2_cv
afraid_blm_4_cv
afraid_blm_cv
afraid_pro_po_2_cv
afraid_pro_po_4_cv
afraid_pro_po_cv
afraid_reopen_bus_2_cv
afraid_reopen_bus_4_cv
afraid_reopen_bus_cv
against_mask_social_media_cv
against_mask_time_cv
angry_against_mask_2_cv
angry_anti_mask_4_cv
angry_anti_mask_cv
angry_blm_2_cv
angry_blm_4_cv
angry_blm_cv
angry_pro_po_2_cv
angry_pro_po_4_cv
angry_pro_po_cv
angry_reopen_bus_2_cv
angry_reopen_bus_4_cv
angry_reopen_bus_cv
anti_mask_2_cv
anti_mask_3_cv
anti_mask_4_cv
anti_mask_cv
anti_mask_demo_help_cv
anti_mask_friends_cv
anti_mask_neigh_cv
anti_mask_parents_cv
anti_mask_po_force_cv
anti_mask_po_help_cv
anti_mask_sib_cv
anti_mask_violence_cv
blm_2_cv
blm_3_cv
blm_4_cv
blm_cv
blm_demo_help_cv
blm_friends_cv
blm_neigh_cv
blm_parents_cv
blm_po_force_cv
blm_po_help_cv
blm_sib_cv
blm_social_media_cv
blm_time_cv
blm_violence_cv
feel_afraid_anti_mask_2_cv
feel_afraid_anti_mask_cv
feel_afraid_blm_2_cv
feel_afraid_blm_cv
feel_afraid_po_2_cv
feel_afraid_po_cv
feel_afraid_reopen_bus_2_cv
feel_afraid_reopen_bus_cv
feel_proud_anti_mask_2_cv
feel_proud_anti_mask_cv
feel_proud_blm_2_cv
feel_proud_blm_cv
feel_proud_po_2_cv
feel_proud_po_cv
feel_proud_reopen_bus_2_cv
feel_proud_reopen_bus_cv
hopeful_against_mask_2_cv
hopeful_anti_mask
hopeful_anti_mask_4_cv
hopeful_blm_2_cv
hopeful_blm_4_cv
hopeful_blm_cv
hopeful_pro_po_2_cv
hopeful_pro_po_4_cv
hopeful_pro_po_cv
hopeful_reopen_bus_2_cv
hopeful_reopen_bus_4_cv
hopeful_reopen_bus_cv
inspired_against_mask_2_cv
inspired_anti_mask
inspired_anti_mask_4_cv
inspired_blm_2_cv
inspired_blm_4_cv
inspired_blm_cv
inspired_pro_po_2_cv
inspired_pro_po_4_cv
inspired_pro_po_cv
inspired_reopen_bus_2_cv
inspired_reopen_bus_4_cv
inspired_reopen_bus_cv
pro_po_2_cv
pro_po_3_cv
pro_po_4_cv
pro_po_cv
pro_po_demo_help_cv
pro_po_force_cv
pro_po_friends_cv
pro_po_help_cv
pro_po_neigh_cv
pro_po_parents_cv
pro_po_sib_cv
pro_po_social_media_cv
pro_po_time_cv
pro_po_violence_cv
reopen_bus_2_cv
reopen_bus_3_cv
reopen_bus_4_cv
reopen_bus_cv
reopen_bus_demo_help_cv
reopen_bus_friends_cv
reopen_bus_neigh_cv
reopen_bus_parents_cv
reopen_bus_po_force_cv
reopen_bus_po_help_cv
reopen_bus_sib_cv
reopen_bus_social_media_cv
reopen_bus_time_cv
reopen_bus_violence_cv

Variable naming:

Questions about Black Lives Matter protests have the designation blm. Questions about protests supporting police have the designation pro­­_pro. Questions about protests against wearing masks have the designation anti_mask or against_mask. Questions about protests in favor of reopening businesses have the designation reopen_bus.

Branching logic:

For each of the four protest types, youth were first asked if they (yes/no*) watched TV stories, looked on the internet, or listened to news on the radio about public demonstrations (public marches, rallies). [blm_cv, pro_po_cv, anti_mask_cv, reopen_bus_cv]. If youth endorsed this item, they were asked follow-up questions about the amount of time (0= none, 1= <30 minutes per day 2= 30 minutes-1 hour per day, 3= 1-5 hours per day, 4= >5 hours per day) they spent engaging with media [blm_time_cv, pro_po_time_cv, against_mask_time_cv, reopen_bus_time_cv], and how they felt (angry, afraid, inspired, hopeful) when engaging (1=not at all, 2= a little, 3=somewhat, 4=very much) [e.g., angry_blm_cv, afraid_blm_cv, inspired_blm_cv, hopeful_blm_cv].

Youth were then asked (yes/no) if they scrolled, wrote, or posted to social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok) about the demonstrations (public marches, rallies)[blm_2_cv, pro_po_2_cv, anti_mask_2_cv, reopen_bus_2_cv]. If youth endorsed this item, they were asked follow-up questions about how often they scrolled/posted (0= none, 1= 1-10 times, 2= 11-30 times, 3= 31-50 times, 4= over 50 times) [blm_social_media_cv, pro_po_social_media_cv, against_mask_social_media_cv, reopen_bus_social_medial_cv], and how they felt (angry, afraid, inspired, hopeful) when scrolling/posting (1=not at all, 2= a little, 3=somewhat, 4=very much) [e.g., angry_blm_2_cv, afraid_blm_2_cv, inspired_blm_2_cv, hopeful_blm_2_cv].

Youth were then asked if they (yes/no) knew people who attended a public demonstration (public marches, rallies) without them [blm_3_cv, pro_po_3_cv, anti_mask_3_cv, reopen_bus_3_cv]. If youth endorsed this item, they were asked follow-up questions about who attended (parents, siblings, friends or neighbors; yes/no) [e.g., blm_friends_cv, blm_neigh_cv, blm_parents_cv, blm_sib_cv]. If youth endorsed having a parent or sibling attend a demonstration without them, they were asked how they felt (afraid, proud) if parents or siblings attended (1=not at all, 2= a little, 3=somewhat, 4=very much) [e.g. for parent, feel_afraid_blm_cv, feel_proud_blm_cv; e.g. for sibling, feel_afraid_blm_2_cv, feel_proud_blm_2_cv].

Finally, youth were asked how many demonstrations (public marches, rallies) they attended (0= 0, 1= 1, 2= 2, 3= 3 or more) [blm_4_cv, pro_po_4_cv, anti_mask_4_cv, reopen_bus_4_cv]. If youth endorsed a non-zero value, they were asked follow-up questions about how they felt when attending (angry, afraid, inspired, hopeful) [e.g., angry_blm_4_cv, afraid_blm_4_cv, inspired_blm_4_cv, hopeful_blm_4_cv] and what they saw (yes/no) when attending (police helping or protecting a demonstrator [e.g., blm_po_help_cv], demonstrator helping or protecting a demonstrator [e.g., blm_demo_help_cv], force by police (pushing, shoving or use of tear gas) [e.g., blm_po_force_cv], violence by demonstrators (throwing rocks, bottles at police, destroying property) [e.g., blm_violence_cv]).

*For all yes/no variables, no=1 and yes=1.